March 2014 archive

Punting the Pundits

“Punting the Pundits” is an Open Thread. It is a selection of editorials and opinions from around the news medium and the internet blogs. The intent is to provide a forum for your reactions and opinions, not just to the opinions presented, but to what ever you find important.

Thanks to ek hornbeck, click on the link and you can access all the past “Punting the Pundits”.

Follow us on Twitter @StarsHollowGzt

Charles M. Blow: Paul Ryan, Culture and Poverty

Paul Ryan continues to be flogged for disturbing comments he made last week about men “in our inner cities” and their “culture” of not working.

In a radio interview with Bill Bennett, Ryan said, “We have got this tailspin of culture, in our inner cities in particular, of men not working and just generations of men not even thinking about working or learning the value and the culture of work, and so there is a real culture problem here that has to be dealt with.” [..]

But this is in part the problem, and danger, of people like Ryan: There is an ever-swirling mix of inspiration and insult, where the borders between the factual and the fudged are intentionally blurred and cover is given for corrosive ideas.

Ryan is “one of the good guys,” a prominent Republican operative explained to me last week. Maybe so, but even good people are capable of saying and believing bad things, and what Ryan said was horrific.

Eugene Robinson: Malaysia Airlines: Into the Twilight Zone

Let me go out on a limb: The Malaysian airliner did not get sucked into a black hole, vanish over the Indian Ocean equivalent of the Bermuda Triangle or crash-land on the spooky island from “Lost.”

Those “theories” were actually discussed on CNN this week. Host Don Lemon dismissed them as “preposterous” before asking one of his assembled “expert” guests-there were six of them waiting expectantly in their boxes on the screen-whether, you know, such ideas really were so preposterous.

At which point the nonstop coverage of this tragedy entered the Twilight Zone.

The disappearance of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 is pretty close to a pure mystery. The news media-especially the cable television networks-have responded with an orgy of what can only be called pure speculation. Far too often, as every journalist knows, the facts get in the way of a good story. In this case, there aren’t any indisputably consequent facts except one: On March 8, a jetliner with 239 people aboard went missing.

Ralph Nader: Obama to Putin: Do as I Say Not as I Do

Dear President Obama:

As you ponder your potential moves regarding President Vladimir V. Putin’s annexation of Crimea (a large majority of its 2 million people are ethnic Russians), it is important to remember that whatever moral leverage you may have had in the court of world opinion has been sacrificed by the precedents set by previous American presidents who did not do what you say Mr. Putin should do – obey international law.

The need to abide by international law is your recent recurring refrain, often used in an accusatory context toward Mr. Putin’s military entry in Crimea and its subsequent annexation, following a referendum in which Crimean voters overwhelmingly endorsed rejoining Russia. True, most Ukrainians and ethnic Tatars boycotted the referendum and there were obstacles to free speech. But even the fairest of referendums, under UN auspices, would have produced majority support for Russia’s annexation.

Every day, presidential actions by you violate international law because they infringe upon national sovereignties with deadly drones, flyovers and secret forays by soldiers – to name the most obvious.

Joe Conason: Framed for Crimea: Obama’s Critics Issue Hollow Indictments

To hear the Republicans shrieking about Crimea-from those howling simpletons on Fox News to the churlish statesmen of the United States Senate-all blame rests with President Barack Obama. In the midst of a real and potentially dangerous crisis, every opportunistic politician and pundit on the right excoriates him as a president so “weak” that he practically invited Vladimir Putin’s aggression.

Aggression is an apt description of the Russian takeover of the Crimean Peninsula, despite the complexity of the events and history that led here-and despite the evident enthusiasm of the Crimean population. Like many borders drawn on maps, this one was far from indisputable in moral or political terms. And without endorsing Russia’s questionable version of events, it is also true that the overthrow of the Yanukovych regime and the inclusion of neo-fascist elements in Kiev’s new government raised real issues of legitimacy and security.

Yet those questions cannot excuse Russia’s military intimidation of Ukraine or the staged and stampeded referendum that led to annexation. What Putin is doing violates basic international norms, which demand respect for national sovereignty and democratic processes.

Lee Fang: How the Gas Lobby Is Using the Crimea Crisis to Push Bad Policy and Make More Money

A small group of pundits and politicians with close ties to the fossil fuel industry are using the crisis in Crimea to demand that the United States promote natural gas exports as a quick fix for the volatile situation. But such a solution, experts say, would cost billions of dollars, require years of development, and would not significantly impact the international price of gas or Russia’s role as a major supplier for the region. Rather, the move would simply increase gas prices for American consumers while enriching companies involved in the liquified natural gas (LNG) trade.

On Capitol Hill, House Energy and Commerce Committee Chairman Representative Fred Upton (R-MI) was among the first to use the crisis in Ukraine to demand that the Department of Energy speed up the approval process for new LNG terminals. “Now is the time to send the signal to our global allies that US natural gas will be an available and viable alternative to their energy needs,” said Upton in a statement. As we’ve reported, Upton’s committee is managed in part by Tom Hassenboehler, a former lobbyist who joined Upton’s staff last year after working for America’s Natural Gas Alliance, the primary trade group pushing to expand natural gas development and LNG exports.

March Madness 2014: Men’s Round of 32 Day 1

Yesterday’s Results

Seed School Record Seed School Record Score Region
3 Duke (26 – 9) 14 * Mercer (27 – 8) (71 – 78) MidWest
6 * Baylor (25 – 11) 11 Nebraska (19 – 13) (74 – 60) West
7 New Mexico (27 – 7) 10 * Stanford (22 – 12) (53 – 58) South
1 * Arizona (31 – 4) 16 Weber State (19 – 12) (68 – 59) West
6 UMass (24 – 9) 11 * Tennessee (23 – 12) (67 – 86) MidWest
3 * Creighton (27 – 7) 14 UL-Lafayette (23 – 12) (76 – 66) West
2 * Kansas (25 – 9) 15 E. Kentucky (24 – 10) (80 – 69) South
8 * Gonzaga (29 – 6) 9 Oklahoma State (21 – 13) (85 – 77) West
8 * Memphis (24 – 9) 9 George Washington (24 – 9) (71 – 66) East
1 * Wichita State (35 – 0) 16 Cal Poly (14 – 20) (64 – 37) MidWest
6 * N. Carolina (24 – 9) 11 Providence (23 – 12) (79 – 77) East
5 Virginia Commonwealth (26 – 9) 12 * Stephen Austin (32 – 2) (75 – 77 OT) South
1 * Virginia (29 – 6) 16 Coastal Carolina (21 – 13) (70 – 59) East
8 * Kentucky (25 – 10) 9 Kansas State (20 – 13) (56 – 49) MidWest
3 * Iowa State (27 – 7) 14 N.C. Central (28 – 6) (93 – 75) East
4 * UCLA (27 – 8) 13 Tulsa (21 – 13) (76 – 59) South

Round of 32: Saturday

Time Network Seed School Record Seed School Record Region
12:15 CBS 1 Florida (33 – 2) 9 Pittsburgh (26 – 9) South
2:45 CBS 4 Louisville (30 – 5) 5 Saint Louis (27 – 6) MidWest
5:15 CBS 2 Michigan (26 – 8) 7 Texas (24 – 10) MidWest
6:10 TNT 4 San Diego St. (30 – 4) 12 N. Dakota State (26 – 6) West
7:10 TBS 3 Syracuse (28 – 5) 11 Dayton (24 – 10) South
7:45 CBS 2 Wisconsin (27 – 7) 7 Oregon (24 – 9) West
8:40 TNT 4 Michigan State (27 – 8) 12 Harvard (27 – 4) East
9:40 TBS 7 Connecticut (27 – 8) 2 Villanova (29 – 4) East

Thursday’s Results Below.

March Madness 2014: Women’s Round of 64 Day 1

Time Network Seed School Record Seed School Record Region
11:00 ESPN 2 Duke (27 – 6) 15 Winthrop (24 – 8) MidWest
11:00 ESPN2 8 Vanderbilt (18 – 12) 9 Arizona State (22 – 9) East
11:00 ESPN2 5 Oklahoma State (23 – 8) 12 Florida Gulf Coast (26 – 7) East
11:00 ESPN2 3 Kentucky (24 – 8) 14 Wright State (26 – 8) East
1:30 ESPN 1 Notre Dame (32 – 0) 16 Robert Morris (21 – 11) East
1:30 ESPN2 7 DePaul (27 – 6) 10 Oklahoma (18 – 14) MidWest
1:30 ESPN2 4 Purdue (21 – 8) 13 Akron (23 – 9) East
1:30 ESPN2 6 Syracuse (22 – 9) 11 Chattanooga (29 – 3) East
4:00 ESPN2 4 Nebraska (25 – 6) 13 Fresno State (22 – 10) MidWest
4:00 ESPN2 7 Iowa State (20 – 10) 10 Florida State (20 – 11) West
4:00 ESPN2 7 California (21 – 9) 10 Fordham (25 – 7) East
4:00 ESPN2 1 Tennessee (27 – 5) 16 Northwestern (16 – 15) South
6:30 ESPN2 5 N.C. State (25 – 7) 12 BYU (26 – 6) MidWest
6:30 ESPN2 2 Stanford (30 – 3) 15 S. Dakota (19 – 13) West
6:30 ESPN2 2 Baylor (29 – 4) 15 W. Kentucky (24 – 8) East
6:30 ESPN2 8 St. John’s (22 – 10) 9 USC (22 – 12) South

On This Day In History March 22

This is your morning Open Thread. Pour your favorite beverage and review the past and comment on the future.

Find the past “On This Day in History” here.

March 22 is the 81st day of the year (82nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 284 days remaining until the end of the year.

On this day in 1784, the Emerald Buddha is moved with great ceremony to its current place in Wat Phra Kaew, Thailand.

The Emerald Buddha is the palladium of the Kingdom of Thailand, a figurine of the sitting Buddha, made of green jadeite (rather than emerald), clothed in gold, and about 45 cm tall. It is kept in the Temple of the Emerald Buddha (Wat Phra Kaew) on the grounds of the Grand Palace in Bangkok.

According to the legend, the Emerald Buddha was created in India in 43 BC by Nagasena in the city of Pataliputra (today’s Patna). The legends state that after remaining in Pataliputra for three hundred years, it was taken to Sri Lanka to save it from a civil war. In 457, King Anuruth of Burma sent a mission to Ceylon to ask for Buddhist scriptures and the Emerald Buddha, in order to support Buddhism in his country. These requests were granted, but the ship lost its way in a storm during the return voyage and landed in Cambodia. When the Thais captured Angkor Wat in 1432 (following the ravage of the bubonic plague), the Emerald Buddha was taken to Ayutthaya, Kamphaeng Phet, Laos and finally Chiang Rai, where the ruler of the city hid it. Cambodian historians recorded capture of the Buddha statue in their famous Preah Ko Preah Keo legend. However, some art historians describe the Emerald Buddha as belonging to the Chiang Saen Style of the 15th Century AD, which would mean it is actually of Lannathai origin.

Historical sources indicate that the statue surfaced in northern Thailand in the Lannathai kingdom in 1434. One account of its discovery tells that lightning struck a pagoda in a temple in Chiang Rai, after which, something became visible beneath the stucco. The Buddha was dug out, and the people believed the figurine to be made of emerald, hence its name. King Sam Fang Kaen of Lannathai wanted it in his capital, Chiang Mai, but the elephant carrying it insisted, on three separate occasions, on going instead to Lampang. This was taken as a divine sign and the Emerald Buddha stayed in Lampang until 1468, when it was finally moved to Chiang Mai, where it was kept at Wat Chedi Luang.

The Emerald Buddha remained in Chiang Mai until 1552, when it was taken to Luang Prabang, then the capital of the Lao kingdom of Lan Xang. Some years earlier, the crown prince of Lan Xang, Setthathirath, had been invited to occupy the vacant throne of Lannathai. However, Prince Setthathirath also became king of Lan Xang when his father, Photisarath, died. He returned home, taking the revered Buddha figure with him. In 1564, King Setthathirath moved it to his new capital at Vientiane.

In 1779, the Thai General Chao Phraya Chakri put down an insurrection, captured Vientiane and returned the Emerald Buddha to Siam, taking it with him to Thonburi. After he became King Rama I of Thailand, he moved the Emerald Buddha with great ceremony to its current home in Wat Phra Kaew on March 22, 1784. It is now kept in the main building of the temple, the Ubosoth.

For Fred Phelps – May He Rest In Pieces

Hell is where all the fun people go. They won’t let you in Fred. You can go spend e-fuckin-ternity sitting on a cloud strumming a one string harp wearing the same sheet forever and never take a piss because you’re not allowed to touch your dick up there. Your reward for being such a flaming asshole.

Meanwhile in hell they’ll be having a great old time, and fuck you Fred. You can’t come to the party.

March Madness 2014: Men’s Round of 64 Day 2 Evening

Network Time Seed School Record Seed School Record Region
TBS 6:55 8 Memphis (23 – 9) 9 George Washington (24 – 8) East
CBS 7:10 1 Wichita State (34 – 0) 16 Cal Poly (14 – 19) MidWest
TNT 7:20 6 N. Carolina (23 – 9) 11 Providence (23 – 11) East
truTV 7:27 5 Virginia Commonwealth (26 – 8) 12 Stephen Austin (31 – 2) South
TBS 9:25 1 Virginia (28 – 6) 16 Coastal Carolina (21 – 12) East
CBS 9:40 8 Kentucky (24 – 10) 9 Kansas State (20 – 12) MidWest
TNT 9:50 3 Iowa State (26 – 7) 14 N.C. Central (28 – 5) East
truTV 9:57 4 UCLA (26 – 8) 13 Tulsa (21 – 12) South

March Madness 2014: Men’s Round of 64 Day 2 Evening

Network Time Seed School Record Seed School Record Region
TBS 6:55 8 Memphis (23 – 9) 9 George Washington (24 – 8) East
CBS 7:10 1 Wichita State (34 – 0) 16 Cal Poly (14 – 19) MidWest
TNT 7:20 6 N. Carolina (23 – 9) 11 Providence (23 – 11) East
truTV 7:27 5 Virginia Commonwealth (26 – 8) 12 Stephen Austin (31 – 2) South
TBS 9:25 1 Virginia (28 – 6) 16 Coastal Carolina (21 – 12) East
CBS 9:40 8 Kentucky (24 – 10) 9 Kansas State (20 – 12) MidWest
TNT 9:50 3 Iowa State (26 – 7) 14 N.C. Central (28 – 5) East
truTV 9:57 4 UCLA (26 – 8) 13 Tulsa (21 – 12) South

Punting the Pundits

“Punting the Pundits” is an Open Thread. It is a selection of editorials and opinions from around the news medium and the internet blogs. The intent is to provide a forum for your reactions and opinions, not just to the opinions presented, but to what ever you find important.

Thanks to ek hornbeck, click on the link and you can access all the past “Punting the Pundits”.

Follow us on Twitter @StarsHollowGzt

New York Times Editorial Board: Suppressing the Vote

If a federal judge’s disappointing ruling this week on a voter registration case is allowed to stand, state lawmakers around the country could well make it harder for eligible citizens to register to vote in federal as well as state elections. [..]

Federal District Judge Eric Melgren ruled on Wednesdayhttp://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_transcript.html] that the commission had acted “in excess of its statutory authority” because the federal law “has not pre-empted state laws” that require documents proving citizenship. Under the Constitution, states have the power to decide who may vote, while the federal government has the final say in how, where and when voting occurs.

But the legal dispute should not distract anyone from recognizing the underlying purpose of laws like these and their close relative, voter ID laws. They are intended to keep eligible voters from the polls.

Paul Krugman: The Timidity Trap

There don’t seem to be any major economic crises underway right this moment, and policy makers in many places are patting themselves on the back. In Europe, for example, they’re crowing about Spain’s recovery: the country seems set to grow at least twice as fast this year as previously forecast.

Unfortunately, that means growth of 1 percent, versus 0.5 percent, in a deeply depressed economy with 55 percent youth unemployment. The fact that this can be considered good news just goes to show how accustomed we’ve grown to terrible economic conditions. We’re doing worse than anyone could have imagined a few years ago, yet people seem increasingly to be accepting this miserable situation as the new normal. [..]

In other words, Yeats had it right: the best lack all conviction, while the worst are full of passionate intensity. [..]

About the worst: If you’ve been following economic debates these past few years, you know that both America and Europe have powerful pain caucuses – influential groups fiercely opposed to any policy that might put the unemployed back to work. There are some important differences between the U.S. and European pain caucuses, but both now have truly impressive track records of being always wrong, never in doubt

Sadhbh Walshe: Why do we let 80,000 Americans suffer a ‘slow-motion torture of burying alive’?

Solitary confinement’s psychological effects are obvious enough. But you have to hear it from the prisoners to be truly horrified

Sarah Shourd still has nightmares about the 13 months she spent in solitary confinement in Iran. “It reduces you to an animal-like state,” she tells me. Shourd recalled the hours she spent crouched down at the food slot of her cell door, listening for any sign of life. Or pounding on the walls until her knuckles bled. Or covering her ears to drown out the screams – the screams she could no longer distinguish as her own – until she felt the hands of a prison guard on her face, trying to calm her. [..]

Scientific studies have shown that it can take less than two days in solitary confinement for brainwaves to shift towards delirium or stupor (pdf). For this reason, the United Nations has called on all countries to ban solitary confinement – except in exceptional circumstances, and even then to impose a limit of no longer than 15 days so that any permanent psychological damage can be averted. Shourd spent a total of 410 days in solitary and was diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder after her release. She still has trouble sleeping. But since returning home, she has spent much of her time trying to draw attention to the plight of more than 80,000 Americans who are held in isolation on any given day, some of whom do not count their stay in days or months, but in years and even decades.

John Glaser: The CIA impunity challenge

The intelligence agency – and the White House – are holding hostage the truth about torture

The White House and the CIA are currently engaged in an unrelenting battle to cover up the George W. Bush administration’s torture program and to maintain a system of impunity for what are obvious war crimes. Disturbingly, they are even willing to break the law – again – to win that battle.

The historic testimony given by Sen. Dianne Feinstein, D-Calif., on the Senate floor on March 11 laid bare the efforts of the Central Intelligence Agency to block the publication of a 6,300-page investigation by the Senate Intelligence Committee into the Bush-era interrogation program. She accused the CIA of violating both statutory laws and the Constitution.

Michael Cohen: The NRA’s surgeon general warning: a reminder of gun control’s scarlet letter

Dr Vivek Murthy believes what most Americans believe. But the only thing that stops a good guy against guns is the gun lobby

Few Americans have likely heard of Vivek Murthy, President Obama’s nominee to be the nation’s Surgeon General. But let me tell you, this guy has got some pretty nutty views.

Don’t believe me. Listen to what the National Rifle Association has to say about him (pdf): “Dr Murthy’s record of political activism in support of radical gun control measures raises significant concerns.”

“Radical gun control measures”! Go on.

Murthy has some crazy, crazy ideas about guns (pdf). For example, he wants to bring back the federal assault weapons ban. He supports universal background checks; mandatory-waiting periods of 48 hours for gun purchases, mandatory safety training for gun owners and limits on ammunition purchases. He even wants to do away with laws that would prevent doctors from discussing gun safety with their patients; he wants to see laws that prohibit physicians from documenting gun ownership be repealed; and he wants to restore CDC and NIH funding to conduct firearms research.

My gosh, this guy sounds like an extremist. Maybe even a Communist. Or perhaps … an ordinary American.

John Nichols: An 87 Percent Vote for a $15-an-Hour Wage

Political insiders and prognosticators at the national level were, barely a year ago, casting doubts on the question of whether proposing a great big hike in the federal minimum wage was smart politics. While President Obama had proposed a $9-an-hour wage, Senator Tom Harkin, D-Iowa, and Congressman George Miller, D-California, broke the double-digit barrier with a $10.10-an-hour proposal. But there was still skepticism about whether raising wages for the hardest-pressed American workers was a winning issue.

Polls have since confirmed that Americans from across the political and ideological spectrum are overwhelmingly in favor of a substantial increase in the minimum wage. And election results are now confirming the sentiment.

Even as they reelected Governor Chris Christie last fall, New Jersey voters gave landslide support to a measure that not only raised the state minimum wage to $9 an hour but indexed future increases to keep up with inflation. On the same day, voters in Sea-Tac, Washington, approved a $15 hourly wage, while voters in Seattle elected socialist Kshama Sawant on a “Fight for $15” platform.

Now comes a powerful signal from Chicago.

March Madness 2014: Men’s Round of 64 Day 2 Afternoon

Last Night’s Results

Seed School Record Seed School Record Score Region
6 Ohio State (25 – 10) 11 * Dayton (24 – 10) (59 – 60) South
2 * Wisconsin (27 – 7) 15 American (20 – 13) (75 – 35) West
8 Colorado (16 – 17) 9 * Pittsburgh (26 – 9) (48 – 77) South
5 Cincinnati (27 – 7) 12 * Harvard (27 – 4) (57 – 61) East
3 * Syracuse (28 – 5) 14 W. Michigan (23 – 10) (77 – 53) South
7 * Oregon (24 – 9) 10 BYU (23 – 12) (87 – 68) West
1 * Florida (33 – 2) 16 Albany (19 – 15) (67 – 55) South
4 * Michigan State (27 – 8) 13 Delaware (25 – 10) (93 – 78) East
7 * Connecticut (27 – 8) 10 Saint Joe’s (24 – 10) (89 – 81) OT East
2 * Michigan (26 – 8) 15 Wofford (20 – 13) (57 – 40) MidWest
5 * Saint Louis (27 – 6) 12 N.C. State (22 – 14) (83 – 80) OT MidWest
5 Oklahoma (23 – 10) 12 * N. Dakota State (26 – 6) (75 – 80) OT West
2 * Villanova (29 – 4) 15 Milwaukee (21 – 14) (73 – 53) East
7 * Texas (24 – 10) 10 Arizona State (21 – 12) (87 – 85) MidWest
4 * Louisville (30 – 5) 13 Manhattan (25 – 8) (71 – 64) MidWest
4 * San Diego St. (30 – 4) 13 New Mexico St. (25 – 10) (73 – 69) OT West

Today’s Schedule

Network Time Seed School Record Seed School Record Region
CBS 12:15 3 Duke (26 – 8) 14 Mercer (26 – 8) MidWest
truTV 12:40 6 Baylor (24 – 11) 11 Nebraska (19 – 12) West
TBS 1:40 7 New Mexico (27 – 6) 10 Stanford (21 – 12) South
TNT 2:10 1 Arizona (30 – 4) 16 Weber State (19 – 11) West
CBS 2:45 6 UMass (24 – 8) 11 Tennessee (22 – 12) MidWest
truTV 3:10 3 Creighton (26 – 7) 14 UL-Lafayette (23 – 11) West
TBS 4:10 2 Kansas (24 – 9) 15 E. Kentucky (24 – 9) South
TNT 4:40 8 Gonzaga (28 – 6) 9 Oklahoma State (21 – 12) West

On This Day In History March 21

This is your morning Open Thread. Pour your favorite beverage and review the past and comment on the future.

Find the past “On This Day in History” here.

March 21 is the 80th day of the year (81st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 285 days remaining until the end of the year.

March 21st is the common date of the March equinox (although astronomically the equinox is more likely to fall on March 20 in all but the most easterly longitudes). In astrology, the day of the equinox is the first full day of the sign of Aries. It is also the traditional first day of the astrological year.

On this day in 1804, the Napoleonic Code approved in France.

After four years of debate and planning, French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte enacts a new legal framework for France, known as the “Napoleonic Code.” The civil code gave post-revolutionary France its first coherent set of laws concerning property, colonial affairs, the family, and individual rights.

In 1800, General Napoleon Bonaparte, as the new dictator of France, began the arduous task of revising France’s outdated and muddled legal system. He established a special commission, led by J.J. Cambaceres, which met more than 80 times to discuss the revolutionary legal revisions, and Napoleon presided over nearly half of these sessions. In March 1804, the Napoleonic Code was finally approved.

The Napoleonic Code, or Code Napoléon (originally, the Code civil des Français), is the French civil code, established under Napoléon I in 1804. The code forbade privileges based on birth, allowed freedom of religion, and specified that government jobs go to the most qualified. It was drafted rapidly by a commission of four eminent jurists and entered into force on March 21, 1804. The Napoleonic Code was not the first legal code to be established in a European country with a civil legal system, it was preceded by the Codex Maximilianeus bavaricus civilis (Bavaria, 1756), the Allgemeines Landrecht (Prussia, 1794) and the West Galician Code, (Galicia, then part of Austria, 1797). It was, however, the first modern legal code to be adopted with a pan-European scope and it strongly influenced the law of many of the countries formed during and after the Napoleonic Wars. The Code, with its stress on clearly written and accessible law, was a major step in replacing the previous patchwork of feudal laws. Historian Robert Holtman regards it as one of the few documents that have influenced the whole world.

Contents of the Code

The preliminary article of the Code established certain important provisions regarding the rule of law. Laws could be applied only if they had been duly promulgated, and only if they had been published officially (including provisions for publishing delays, given the means of communication available at the time); thus no secret laws were authorized. It prohibited ex post facto laws (i.e., laws that apply to events that occurred before them). The code also prohibited judges from refusing justice on grounds of insufficiency of the law-therefore encouraging them to interpret the law. On the other hand, it prohibited judges from passing general judgments of a legislative value (see above).

With regard to family, the Code established the supremacy of the husband with respect to the wife and children; this was the general legal situation in Europe at the time. It did, however, allow divorce on liberal basis compared to other European countries, including divorce by mutual consent.

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